Benefits Of Job Analysis

Business , Education
Benefits Of Job Analysis
Major  advantages or benefits of job analysis can be highlighted as follows:

1. Manpower Planning

Job analysis provides job-related information to the management which helps to determine the job, prepare human resource information system and human resource inventory. So, it is the foundation of manpower planning in the organization.

2. Recruitment And Selection

Job analysis helps to recruit and select competent manpower for the job according to the job description and job specification. So, it helps to establish effective hiring policy in the organization. 

3. Proper Placement

Job analysis ensures proper placement of employees according to their knowledge, skill and capacity. It helps to improve the performance.

4. Training And Development

Job analysis helps to design effective training and development program by identifying the needs of the jobs and employees. It helps to enhance employee performance.
advantages job analysis

5. Job Evaluation

Job evaluation is conducted with the help of job-related information provided by job analysis.

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6. Performance Appraisal

Job analysis helps the management to evaluate employees' performance by comparing their performance with the set standards. It helps to determine the variations and take appropriate steps to improve their performance. 

7. Job Design

Job-related information received from job analysis helps the management in designing or redesigning the jobs.

8. Organizational Structure And Design

Job analysis helps to maintain proper balance between responsibility and authority in the organization. So, it ensures effective organizational design and structure.

9. Safety And Health

Jon analysis always gives emphasis on the safety and health of the employees. It helps to maintain safety and healthy working environment by eliminating unsafe environment at the workplace.

10. Compensation Management

Job analysis helps in designing compensation package for each job. It helps the management to make compensation decisions.
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Benefits Of Human Resource Planning

Education , Management
Benefits Of Human Resource Planning
Major benefits or advantages of HR planning can be highlighted as follows:

1. Forecasting Human Resource Need

Human resource planning helps to determine the future needs of human resource in the organization. It helps the organization to fulfill the manpower requirements for smooth operation.

2. Recruitment And Selection

Human resource planning helps to recruit and select the most desirable and competent manpower to fulfill the vacant positions of the organization.

3. Meet Expansion And Diversification

Human resource planning helps the organization to cope with the future changes. It helps to meet future expansion and diversification needs of the company.

4. Training And Development

HR planning helps to enhance the efficiency of the employees by giving suitable training and organizing development campaigns.

5. Formulate Policy

HR planning helps to formulate different policies in the organization. employee transfer policy and promotion policy are designed with the help of HR planning.
benefits of HR planning
6. Optimum Use Of Manpower

Human resource planning ensures optimum use of human resource in the organization. It maintains balance between distribution and allocation of manpower.

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7. Cost Minimization

HR planning ensures higher productivity through effective use of human resource in the organization. Higher level of productivity reduces the cost of production. So, HR planning is helpful in overall cost minimization.
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Benefits Of Human Resource Management (HRM)

Business , Education
Benefits Of Human Resource Management (HRM)
Main benefits or advantages of human resource management (HRM) can be expressed as follows:

1. Improves Performance

Human resource management is concerned with the proper utilization of human resource in the organization. It follows the principle of "the right man for the right job" according to the skill and knowledge of employees. It helps to increase employee performance.

2. Reduces Employee Turnover

Human resource management helps to reduce employee turnover rate in the organization by providing growth opportunities and maintaining good working environment in the organization. 

3. Training And Development

Human resource management helps to enhance employee's skills and qualities by providing training programs and organizing development campaigns. Training and development programs helps to develop potentiality of the human resources in the organization.

4. Conflict Management 

Human resource management helps to manage conflict between the employees and the company. HRM plays the role of mediator and takes the appropriate step to handle the misunderstanding or conflict in the organization.

Human resource management (HRM) provides career development opportunities to the employees. It helps to enhance potentiality and provide growth opportunity through training and development programs. HRM helps to address employees' dissatisfaction by solving their problems. 

6. High Employee Moral

Human resource management helps to maintain high employee moral by creating healthy working condition, proper work design and motivating them towards their job. 
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Advantages Of Cost Volume Profit Analysis

Accounting , Business
Advantages Of Cost Volume Profit Analysis
Main benefits or advantages of cost volume profit (CVP) analysis can be studied as follows:

1. Decision Making

CVP analysis helps the management to make sound decision regarding distribution channel, make or buy decision, pricing, production method etc. by showing the relationship between cost, volume and profit.

2. Fair Pricing

Cost volume profit (CVP) analysis helps to fix optimum price of the product and services by comparing the competitor's product price. 

3. Determination Of Break Even Point

CVP analysis helps to calculate the break even point at which total revenues are equal to total costs.

4. Determination Of Margin Of Safety

CVP analysis helps to determine the margin of safety (position above the break even point).

5. Profit Planning

CVP analysis assists management in profit planning by estimating the profit at different output levels.
advantages of cpv analysis
6. Cost Control

CVP analysis is an effective tool to control unnecessary production and distribution costs.

7. Budgeting

Management can prepare budget on the basis of CVP analysis because it provides relevant data and information about cost, volume and profit.

8. Product Selection

Cost volume profit analysis helps to select the most profitable product by analyzing the relationship between revenues and costs.
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Advantages And Disadvantages Of Absorption Costing

Accounting , Business
Advantages And Disadvantages Of Absorption Costing
Benefits Or Advantages Of Absorption Costing System

The main advantages of absorption costing system can be studied as follows:

1. Fair Pricing

Absorption costing covers both variable costs and fixed costs while determining the cost of unit of a product. So, it is suitable method to determine the fair price of product and services.

2. Importance Of Fixed Cost

Absorption costing system  recognizes the importance of fixed manufacturing costs and treats them as product cost.

3. Easy To Operate

Absorption costing system of product costing is simple method which can be installed and operate easily without any complication. It consumes less time and costs to operate.

4. Accurate Profitability

Absorption costing system helps to determine accurate profitability in the case of seasonal production and sales.

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5. No Separation Of Costs

There is no need to separate costs into variable costs and fixed costs in this system.
advantages disadvantages absorption costing

6. Preparing Final Accounts

Absorption costing helps to prepare income statement and final account of the company.

Drawbacks Or Disadvantages Of Absorption Costing

Main disadvantages of absorption costing system can be expressed as follows:

1. Not Suitable For Decision Making

Absorption costing does not provide detailed information about fixed and variable costs. Therefore, it may not be useful for management for planning and decision making purpose.

2. Not Suitable For Flexible Budget

Flexible budget cannot be prepared with the help of absorption costing because it does not make distinction between fixed and variable costs.

3. Artificial Profitability

In absorption costing, more profit can be shown by moving fixed manufacturing costs from income statement. It misleads the users.
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Disadvantages Of Inadequate Working Capital

Business , Finance
Disadvantages Of Inadequate Working Capital
Major drawbacks or disadvantages of inadequate working capital can be highlighted as follows:

1. Lack Of Solvency

Inadequate working capital creates problem for making payment of salary, wages and short-term liabilities of a firm. It weakens the solvency position of the company.

2. Liquidity Problem

A firm cannot maintain proper liquidity because of the shortage of working capital.

3. Opportunity Loss

A business firm may lose new opportunities due to insufficient amount of working capital. Business expansion is also impossible.

4. Damage Goodwill

A firm fails to meet its financial obligations due to inadequate working capital. It affects or damages the goodwill of the firm. 

5. Inefficiency

A firm cannot utilize its fixed assets and other production facilities effectively because of the shortage of fund. So, production process will be disturbed and leads to inefficiency.
disadvantages inadequate working capital
6. No Discount

It is impossible to purchase raw materials and other requirements in bulk quantity because of poor liquidity. So, opportunity of trade discount and cash discount cannot be availed.

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7. No Attraction Of Investors

A firm cannot attract investors and lenders due to poor liquidity and solvency position.

8. Low Rate Of Return

Due to inadequate amount of working capital, a firm cannot function properly. It leads to low rate of return on investment.
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Advantages Of Adequate Working Capital

Business , Finance
Advantages Of Adequate Working Capital
Main benefits or advantages of maintaining adequate level of working capital can be explained as follows:

1. Maintains Solvency

Adequate working capital ensures smooth operation of business activities without interruption. Because enough working capital strengthens the solvency position of the firm.

2. Maintains Goodwill

Maintaining adequate working capital facilitates prompt payment of short-term liabilities. Timely payment of raw materials, salary and other overheads helps to maintain the goodwill of the company.

3. Discount Facility

Bulk purchase of raw materials is possible because of sufficient working capital. Because of large volume purchase and prompt payment, the firm can avail of the discount facility.

4. Maintains Liquidity

Sufficient working helps to maintain proper liquidity in the business. 

5. Regular Supply

Regular supply of raw materials and accessories is possible due to adequate working capital. It ensures regular production without a break.
advantages adequate working capital


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6. Loan Facility

Adequate working capital helps the company to obtain loan from financial institutions. Banks and other financial institutions provide loan on the basis of solvency, liquidity and goodwill of the company.

7. Face Crisis

Maintaining adequate level of working capital helps the business firm to survive at the time of crisis and emergencies. 

8. Increase Efficiency

Sufficient working capital ensures smooth operation, maintains solvency and increases the goodwill. These factors create high morale which helps to increase efficiency of the firm.
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Advantages And Disadvantages Of Internal Rate Of Return

Accounting , Business
Advantages And Disadvantages Of Internal Rate Of Return
Advantages Of Internal Rate Of Return (IRR)

Main benefits or advantages of internal rate of return (IRR) method of evaluating investment proposals can be expressed as follows:

1. Use Of Time Value Of Money

One of the main advantages of IRR is that, it considers time value or future earning capacity of money. Therefore it is a scientific method of capital budgeting.

2. Rate Of Return

Internal rate of return (IRR) method determines exact rate of return of the capital project.

3. Easy To Make Decision

It is easy to select appropriate investment alternative with the help of IRR technique. The project with higher IRR will be selected and others will be ignored.

4. Importance To Cashflow

IRR method treats equally to the cashflows of every years.

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5. Focus On Profitability

IRR selects most profitable project only. So, it is beneficial to the shareholders and the owners.

6. No Cost Of Capital

Cost of capital is not required while calculating IRR.

advantages disadvantages IRR

Disadvantages Of Internal Rate Of Return (IRR)

Main drawbacks or disadvantages of IRR can be expressed as follows:

1. Complexity

It is difficult to calculate and understand IRR method of capital budgeting. Trial and error method makes it more complicated.

2. Different Result

Results of NPV and IRR may not be matched because of size and life of the projects. Results also may differ due to the timings of cashflows also.

3. Unsuitable

IRR is not suitable for the comparison of mutually exclusive projects.
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Advantages And Disadvantages Of Profitability Index

Accounting , Business
Advantages And Disadvantages Of Profitability Index
Advantages Of Profitability Index (PI)

Main benefits or advantages of using profitability index method of evaluating investments can be explained as follows:

1. Widely Used Technique

Profitability Index (PI) is very easy to calculate. So, it is common and widely used technique to evaluate different investment proposals.

2. Time Value Of Money

PI assumes that money received today is far valuable than the exact amount of money of future. So, it highlights the time value of money and evaluates the present value of money of future cashflows. 

3. Easy To Make Decision

It is simple and easy to find out the suitable investment project with the help of profitability index method. Project with higher PI is accepted and others are rejected.

4. Rate Of Return

Profitability index ascertains accurate rate of return of the project which is important to know the profitability of the project.

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5. Profitability

PI focuses on the profitability of the firm. It also considers the risk factor. It helps to maximize the value of the firm
.
advantages disadvantages profitability index

Disadvantages Of Profitability Index (PI)

Major drawbacks or limitations of using profitability index method can be expressed as follows:

1. Estimation Of Cost Of Capital

It is difficult to estimate cost of capital and interest rate or discount rate to determine the profitability index of the project.

2. Comparison

It is difficult to compare the projects having different estimated working life.

3. Incorrect Decision

There is a chance of drawing incorrect decision while comparing mutually exclusive capital projects.
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Advantages And Disadvantages Of Net Present Value

Accounting , Business
Advantages And Disadvantages Of Net Present Value
Advantages Of Net Present Value (NPV)

Main benefits or advantages of NPV method of selecting most profitable capital project can be expressed as follows:

1. Time Value Of Money

One of the major benefits of using NPV method is that it considers time value of money. Future estimated cashflows are converted into present value because it assumes that money received in future is worth less than money received today.

2. Easy Decision Making

It is very easy to select the favorable project in net present value method. The capital project with positive NPV or higher NPV is selected and others are rejected.

3. Comparison

NPV compares different projects on the basis of cashflows. It selects the project with the higher NPV. So, it helps to maximize the value of the business.

4. Emphasis On Profitability

NPV method selects most profitable project. So, it focuses on the profitability of the firm which is in the favor of shareholders and owners.
advantages disadvantages NPV

5. Scientific Method

NPV method is scientific and most reliable technique of evaluating investment proposals.

Disadvantages Of Net Present Value (NPV)

Major drawbacks of limitations of NPV can be studied as follows:

1. Complicated Method

NPV method requires complex calculation. So, it is difficult to calculate and understand than traditional methods of evaluating capital projects. 

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2. Unsuitable

NPV method is not suitable for the comparison of projects with different sizes and different life.

3. Relies On Discount Rate

NPV is calculated with the help of discount rate. It is not easy to determine appropriate discount rate. 

4. Forecasting Problem

NPV is calculated on the basis of cashflows. It is difficult to forecast future cashflows of assets having longer life.
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Advantages And Disadvantages Of Accounting Rate Of Return

Accounting , Business
Advantages And Disadvantages Of Accounting Rate Of Return
Advantages Of Accounting Rate Of Return (ARR)

Main benefits or advantages of accounting rate of return method of evaluating investment proposals can be studied as follows:

1. Simple Method

Accounting rate of return (ARR) is simple and widely used technique of comparing capital projects which can be understood easily by everyone.

2. Easy Calculation

It is very easy to calculate ARR of different projects. It can be determined by using simple formula which is given below.

Accounting Rate Of Return (ARR) = (Average Net Income/Average Investment) x 100

3. Simple Decision Rules

It is easy to take decision regarding the suitable capital project. Project with higher ARR is selected and project with lower ARR is ignored.

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4. Measures Profitability

ARR measures the profitability of a project which is beneficial for shareholders and owners.
advantages disadvantages ARR

Disadvantages Of Accounting Rate Of Return (ARR)

Main drawbacks or limitations of ARR can be studied as follows:

1. Ignores Time Factors

Accounting rate of return method does not consider time value of money. So, it is unscientific method of comparing capital projects.

2. Ignores Cashflow

ARR is calculated on the basis of profit earned by the project. It ignores cash-flows which is very important factor for every business.

3. Ignores Terminal Value

ARR ignores the terminal value of the project which is important in accounting. 
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Advantages And Disadvantages Of Payback Period

Accounting , Business
Advantages And Disadvantages Of Payback Period
Advantages Of Payback Period (PBP) 

Main benefits or advantages of payback period method of evaluating investment proposal are as follows:

1. Simplicity

Payback period method is very simple to understand. It does not require specific knowledge and accounting rules to apply. So, it is universally applied method of evaluating proposals.

2. Easy To Calculate

Payback period is very easy to calculate. It can be determined by using simple formula given below:

Payback Period (PBP) = Investment/Annual Cash Flow

3. Easy To Make Decision

It is easy to select the suitable project with the help of payback period. The project with lowest payback period is selected and the project with longest payback period is rejected.

4. Suitable For Small And New Companies

Payback period method of evaluating investment proposals is suitable for small companies and new companies with less cash in hand or weak liquidity position.

5. Focus On Risk

This method emphasis on the risk factor. So, it is appropriate for those firms who do not take risk.

6. Emphasis On Liquidity

Payback period method emphasis on liquidity. So, it focus on speedy return back of investment.
advantages disadvantages payback period


Disadvantages Of Payback Period (PBP)

Major drawbacks or limitations of payback period method of evaluating proposals are as follows:

1. Ignores Time Value Of Money

Payback period method does not consider the time value of money. It is one of the major drawbacks of this method.

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2. Ignores Profitability

This method focuses on liquidity and speedy recovery of investment but completely ignores profitability.

3. Ignores Cash Flow After PBP

This method gives emphasis on the cash flow before payback period. It does not consider the cash flow after payback period.

4. Overlooks Capital Costs

Payback period method focuses on the cost of capital only. It ignores interest factor.
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Limitations Of Ratio Analysis

Accounting , Finance
Limitations Of Ratio Analysis
Major limitations or disadvantages of ratio analysis can be studied as follows:

1. Based On Past Information

Ratio analysis is based on the financial statements which provide historical financial data and information. So, it may not be helpful in predicting the future of the business.

2. Ignores Qualitative Factors

Ratio analysis considers the monetary or quantitative aspects of the business. It does not address qualitative factors like quality, employee morale, customer satisfaction etc. which are essential for the success of the business. 

3. Chance Of False Result

Ratio analysis is based on the data and information received from financial statements. There are several limitations of financial statements also. So, ratios may provide wrong result because of wrong financial data.
limitations ratio analysis
4. Personal Bias

Ratio analysis may suffer from the personal bias of analyst because it is largely depends on the personal judgment.

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5. Fails To Disclose Current Worth

Ratios are based on historic data and information. So, ratio analysis does not disclose current worth of the company because of changes in price level.
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Advantages Of Ratio Analysis

Accounting , Finance
Advantages Of Ratio Analysis
Main benefits or advantages of ratio analysis can be studied as follows:

1. Financial Position Analysis

Ratio analysis reveals the financial position of the company by analyzing financial statements. It explores the financial health of the business during a particular period.

2. Simplifying Figures

Ratio analysis makes accounting figures meaningful and understandable by everyone by simplifying and summarizing properly and systematically. 
advantages ratio analysis
3. Forecasting And Planning

Accounting ratios analyze the past financial performance of the business firm. Financial facts of previous period such as cost of good sold, sales, profit margin can be known with the help of ratio analysis. So, it can establish trend for future planning, forecasting and decision making.

4. Exploration Of Weakness

Ratio analysis judges the financial health of the business. It explores the weakness of the business which helps the management to take appropriate remedial measures.

5. Comparison

Ratio analysis helps to compare the financial performance of one firm with others. Inter-firm comparison helps to find out the strength or weakness of the firm and necessary steps can be taken for further improvement.

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6. Measurement Of Operational Efficiency

Ratio analysis helps to measure the working efficiency of the firm with the help of different ratios. Turnover ratio and profitability ratio help the management to know the operational efficiency and financial requirements of the company.

7. Credit Decision

Ratio analysis helps the creditors and investors to make credit decision by providing accurate financial position of the company.
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Disadvantages Of Financial Statement Analysis

Accounting , Business
Disadvantages Of Financial Statement Analysis
Notable limitations or disadvantages of financial statement analysis can be expressed as follows:

1. Ignores Qualitative Aspect

Financial statement analysis checks only quantitative or monetary aspect of the business. It totally ignores qualitative aspect.

2. Historical Data

Financial statement analysis is done with the help of historical financial data provided by financial statements. So, it may not be a base or indicator for future estimation, planning, forecasting and decision making.

3. Biasness

Financial statement analysis may suffer from the biasness of the analysts. This may mislead the users.

4. Does Not Provide Solution

Financial statement analysis only identifies the finance related problems of the company. It fails to suggest the solutions.


Different companies may follow different accounting principles (like different depreciation methods, LIFO method, FIFO method etc). In this situation it is impossible to compare different financial statement accurately. 

6. Price Level Change

Effect of price level change cannot be adjusted in financial statement analysis.
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Advantages Of Financial Statement Analysis

Accounting , Business
Advantages Of Financial Statement Analysis
Main benefits or advantages of financial statement analysis can be studied as follows:

1. Evaluation Of Past Performance

Financial statement analysis evaluates the past performance of business such as sales, cash flows, income, return on investment etc. by using different techniques like trend analysis, vertical analysis, ratio analysis etc.

2. Indication Of Current Position

Financial statement analysis indicates the current financial position of the business in terms of profitability and operational efficiency.

3. Prediction Of Future Performance

Financial analysis provides the data of past and current financial position of the business. These data and information are the bases to predict future earnings and growth rate of the business.


4. Planning And Decision Making

Financial statement analysis evaluates and compares the past and present performance of the business. It helps the management in planning and decision making process.

   
advantages of financial statement analysis
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5. Tax Determination

Financial statement analysis shows accurate financial position and profitability of the business. So, it helps to determine tax liabilities of the company.

6. Credit Decision

Financial statement analysis helps the bankers to make credit decision by providing up-to-date information regarding profitability, solvency, liquidity and efficiency of the business firm.
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Disadvantages Of Holding Company

Business , Marketing
Disadvantages Of Holding Company
Major drawbacks or disadvantages of holding company can be expressed as follows:

1.  Problem Of Over Capitalization

There is a high possibility of over capitalization in holding company because of large capital. It negatively affects the profitability and is not beneficial for both holding and subsidiary companies.

2. Fear Of Monopoly

Formation of holding company may create monopoly in the market. Consumers may be exploited by high prices and artificial scarcities.

3. Oppression Of Minor Shareholders

There is a high chance of dominance over minority shareholders. Their interests may be ignored by the management of holding company.

4. Costly 

Holding company has to spend a lot of money to manage and control different units and subsidiary company. It spends more money for officers and directors. It suffers from high administrative costs also.
disadvantages holding company
5. Misuse Of Funds

Directors of holding company posses unlimited power. So, they may misuse the funds of the company.

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6. High Chance Of Fraud

Due to the lack of transparency, there is a chance of committing fraud in holding company.

7. Difficult To Manage

It is very difficult to handle or manage holding company properly. It is difficult to maintain coordination, supervision and control different units and subsidiary company effectively by a centralized authority.
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Advantages Of Holding Company

Business , Marketing
Advantages Of Holding Company
Main benefits or advantages of holding company can be expressed as follows:

1. Eliminate The Competition

Because of centralized control and same group of management it is possible to avoid competition between subsidiary companies and holding company. It helps to maximize profitability of both companies.

2. Easy To Form

Formation of holding company does need legal formalities and consent of subsidiary. It can be established or formed simply by purchasing the shares of other business company direct from open stock market.

3. Large Capital

Holding company can raise large amount of capital to expand its business operation.
advantages holding company
4. Identity And Goodwill

Identity and goodwill of both holding company and subsidiary company is established and increase their image before the public.

5. Secrecy

Another benefit of formation of holding company is that high level of secrecy can be maintained because of centralized authority and control.

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6. Stability

Holding company is highly appreciated and accepted by the public because of large capital, adequate resources and effective management. So, formation of holding company ensures stability.

7. Separate Books Of Account

Both holding company and subsidiary company records their financial transactions separately and maintain their own accounting system. It helps to know their business performance and financial position separately.

 8. Economical

Holding company is economical in nature because of large volume of production, centralized control. It helps to minimize administrative and marketing expenses. It can also enjoy the cash discount and quantity discount because of bulk purchase of materials and supplies.
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Disadvantages Of Business Combination

Business , Marketing
Disadvantages Of Business Combination
Main drawbacks or disadvantages of business combination can be expressed as follows:

1. Bad Effects Of Monopoly

Business combination creates monopoly in the market. So, consumers may suffer from the evils of monopoly such as high price, low quality products, scarcities and black marketing.

2. Risk Of Over Capitalization

Combined business may suffer from over capitalization because of huge and unused capital. It may result in wastage of resources, fall in profit and lower rate of return.

3. Threat To Small Firms

Business combination is a big threat to other small business firms of similar nature. It is very difficult for small firms to survive and compete with combined firms. 

Business combination creates complexity to perform management function like coordination, controlling, supervision, directing etc. 

5. No Identity And Goodwill

Identity and goodwill of old companies finish or decrease after combination.
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Advantages Of Business Combination

Business , Marketing
Advantages Of Business Combination
Major benefits or advantages of business combination can be expressed as follows:

1. Eliminate The Competition

Business combination helps to eliminate the possibility of cut-throat competition between or among two or more than two business companies of same nature.

2. Raise Capital

Business combination helps to raise large amount of capital which helps to expand business activities by acquiring new technology and adopting improved methods of production.

3. Cost Reduction

Large volume of production is possible because of business combination. So, production cost per unit can be reduced. Similarly, administrative, distribution and management costs can be minimized.

4. Low Purchasing Cost

Large scale purchase is possible because of business combination. It helps to reduce materials costs and transportation costs per unit due to bulk purchase of goods.

5. Fair Selling Price

Company can fix fair and reasonable amount of selling price for its products and services. Because of large scale production, low purchasing costs of raw materials, and low administrative and distribution expenses selling price can be fixed at minimum level.

6. Monopoly

Business combination helps to achieve monopoly in the market by eliminating competitors.

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7. Market Control

Business combination helps to control total market by using the power of monopoly. Company can control the market price and supply of its product.
advantages business combination
8. Control Over And Under Production

Business combination helps to control over and under production of goods and services by adjusting demand and supply. 

9. Increase Reputation

Business combination helps to increase goodwill, reputation and positive image of the company.

10. Stability

Business combination ensures the stability of the business because of large capital, large scale production, monopoly, regular production and proper supply of goods and services.
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