Showing posts with label Education. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Education. Show all posts

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Downward Communication

What Is Downward Communication ?


It is just opposite of upward communication (where message flows from lower to top level of management). Downward communication is a type of communication process in which information, messages, orders and instructions are flow or transmitted vertically down from top management to bottom by following proper chain of command (From top management to middle level management to lower level management to subordinates) in the organization. This communication is helpful in maintaining better chain of command and discipline in the company.


Benefits Or Advantages Of Downward Communication


The main advantages of downward communication can be highlighted as follows:


1. Easy To Assign Duties And Responsibilities


In downward communication, instructions and messages directly comes from the top authority which is helpful to assign jobs and delegate authority and responsibility to different levels of management.


2. Maintenance Of Better Discipline


Another advantage of downward communication is that it follows strict chain of command in the workstation and all members should follow the instructions and orders received from top management. So, it helps to maintain proper discipline in the organization.


3. Increased Efficiency


Subordinates get clear instructions, suggestions and guidance from higher management. It helps to increase efficiency and performance at work which helps to achieve organizational goals effectively.


4. Avoids By-passing


As we know that upward communication system suffers from the problem of by-passing of hierarchy due to the lack of proper chain of command. But downward communication minimizes this risk because there is formal chain of command in the organization.


5. Effective Process


Management can clearly explain organizational goals, policies and procedures more clearly through downward communication. Instructions and orders can be issued more effectively than other forms of communication methods. Therefore, it is more effective process of communication while comparing to others.


Drawbacks Or Disadvantages Of Downward Communication


The main disadvantages of downward communication can be described as follows:


1. It Lacks Flexibility


Downward communication is a one way process in which information flows from top to bottom only. Employees cannot give suggestions and share their ideas with upper level managers. Therefore, this process lacks flexibility.


2. Time Consuming Process


Another drawback of downward communication is that it is time consuming process. Information, messages, orders and instructions pass through different levels of management before reaching to the subordinates. Therefore, operational activities may be hampered because of the delay in transmission of information. 

       

        Also Read: 

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Horizontal Communication

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Upward Communication


3. Low Morale And Motivation

Because of its directive nature, it discourages employee participation and dos not allow them to provide suggestions and views to the management. It may create frustration, decrease motivation and morale of the subordinates.


advantages and disadvantages of downward communication


Pros And Cons Of Downward Communication In Short


Pros:

- It ensures proper delegation of authority, responsibilities and assignment of jobs

- It improves efficiency and boosts employee performance

- It discourages by-passing of hierarchy in the organization

- It gives clear explanation of plans and procedures of the company

- Management can monitor and control employees' activities

- Better discipline can be maintained because of better supervision and control.


Cons:

- It is a time consuming process

- It does not promote subordinate participation in the decision making process

- There is a chance of employee frustration, decreased morale and motivation

- There is no flexibility in this process of communication

- It lacks employees enthusiasm

- There may be a possibility of distortion of message because of long transmission process

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Upward Communication

What Is Upward Communication ?


It is a type of communication in  which information or message flows vertically from lower level subordinates to upper level management. Upward communication encourages lower level employees to provide suggestions and ideas so the top management can make proper plan and sound decisions. It is most commonly used in modern organizations because it overcomes the limitations of traditional  communication system.


Benefits Or Advantages Of Upward Communication


The main advantages of upward communication process can be described as follows:


1. Better Relations Between Superiors And Subordinates


In upward communication, subordinates are allowed to share their feeling, problems and opinions with superiors. It helps to build trust and sense of harmony between management and employees . So, this communication process helps to make good superior subordinate relations in the organization.


2. High Employee Morale


Another advantages of upward communication is that it helps to increase motivation and morale of subordinates because it encourages the subordinates to give suggestions and views to the management. It  promotes employee participation which makes them feel valued. Therefore, it improves motivation , morale and job satisfaction.


3. Better Decision Making


Top level management get important data and information from lower level management and subordinates through this communication process. So, it helps the management to make sound and perfect decisions.


4. Formulation Of Plans And Policies


As we know that top management collects useful data, information, suggestions and ideas from lower level management and subordinates through upward communication. These information are very helpful to develop future plans and policies of the company.


5. Better Working Environment


Because of two way communication and employee participation and better superior subordinate relation, it creates better working environment in the organization. Good working environment increases efficiency and performance of the employees which helps to increase productivity as well as profitability of the organization.


Drawbacks Or Disadvantages Of Upward Communication


Some of the notable disadvantages of upward communication process can be described as follows:


1. Possibility Of Manipulation Of Data


Subordinates may manipulate data and provide edited information to hide their mistakes. In this situation top management get wrong information which may lead to wrong decisions.


2. Discouragement


Sometimes subordinates may not get positive response from their superiors. It may discourage them and they may loss confidence.


advantages and disadvantages of upward communication

3. Fear Of Negative Reaction


Some autocratic or traditional types of leaders do not want to take suggestions and ideas from their subordinates. In this situation, employees may not want to communicate with their managers because of the fear of negative reaction.

     

        Also Read: 

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Downward Communication

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Horizontal Communication


4. Difficult To Maintain Discipline


Another disadvantage of upward communication is that it is very difficult to maintain better supervision and discipline. Because of the open communication, more freedom to subordinates and friendly behavior of managers, it may be difficult to maintain proper chain of command and discipline in the organization.


5. Slow Movement


In this communication system, information flows slowly from lower level to upper level of management. Therefore, it may not be suitable for the top management to make quick decisions at the time of emergency.


Pros And Cons Of Upward Communication In Short


Pros:

- It provides valuable information and suggestions to the management.

- It helps to make good management-subordinate relationship

- It is useful for the development of plans and policies

- It increases employees' motivation and morale

- It helps to create good working environment

- It facilitates sound decision making

- It promotes sense of cooperation and harmony in the workstation


Cons:

- There is very slow movement of information

- Subordinates may manipulate the actual data and provide false information to the management

- There may be a lack of proper discipline in the organization

- Managers may neglect subordinates' suggestions and opinions

- Employees may hesitate to communicate with their bosses because of the fear of negative response

- Subordinates may by-pass their immediate superiors

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Committee Organization

 What Is Committee Organization ?


An association of people which is formed to perform specific task or to make certain decision is called committee. It is very helpful to solve complex problems in the organization. It is a task force that brings highly qualified people together to achieve specific objective.


Benefits Or Advantages Of Committee Organization


The main advantages of committee can be pointed out as follows:


1. Encourages Specialization 


Committee is an association of highly qualified individuals having different skills, knowledge and abilities which is formed to perform specific function in the organization. Because of diversified knowledge and abilities, it brings specialization in the workstation. Specialization helps to simplify complex tasks and also helps to achieve better result.


2. Ensures Sound Decisions


Because of the participative management, ideas and suggestions of each member is considered while making decisions. Decisions are made after long discussion and by analyzing each and every possible alternatives. Therefore, it ensures better decision making and helps to select the most appropriate solution. 


3. Better Communication And Coordination


Another benefit of committee organization is that it helps to establish better communication between the members which promotes cooperation, coordination and sense of team-spirit in the workplace.


4. Exchange Of Idea


In committee, members or employees can share their knowledge and ideas to others as well as can get information and knowledge from others. So, employees can learn and enhance their skills.


5. Increased Motivation


Because of the participative decision making, learning and career development opportunity, committee organization helps to increase motivation and morale of the members.


6. Opportunity For Development


Committee helps to learn new skills, improve communication and also help to improve decision making power. So, it provides a platform for executive development. 


Drawbacks Or Disadvantages Of Committee Organization


The main disadvantages of committee can be pointed out as follows:


1. Waste Of Cost And Time


It requires adequate time and effort to form committee structure. It requires a lot of money for conducting meeting, for travelling and to hire specialist manpower. Therefore, committees are not suitable for small companies.


2. Difficult To Maintain Secrecy


Another drawback of committee organization is that it lacks secrecy and privacy. This structure is consist of several members of different background. So, it becomes difficult to maintain secrecy of internal matters.

  

       Also Read: 

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Matrix Organization

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Line Organization

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Functional Organization


3. Accountability And Responsibility Problem


In committee structure, all decisions are taken by the group collectively. So, individual member of the group is not accountable and no one wants to take responsibility for the mistakes.


4. Conflict And Misunderstanding


As we know that committee organization is an association of different people from different background, so there remains a chance of misunderstanding and conflict among the members.


5. Chance Of Domination


Some aggressive members in the committee may try to dominate the entire group. It may create conflict and may disturb the working environment.


advantages and disadvantages of committee organization

Pros And Cons Of Committee In Short


Pros:

- It encourages specialization which helps to find better solution by simplifying the problem

- Better decisions can be made because of participative decision making process

- It improves the motivation and morale of employees

- Knowledge and ideas can be shared among the members

- Provides platform for executive development

- It ensures better communication and builds sense of team-spirit in the organization


Cons:

- It is costly and time consuming structure

- Whole organization may be dominated by few individuals

- Decision making process is very long which is not suitable for emergency situation

- Due to the lack of privacy and secrecy, internal matters of the organization may be leaked

- There is a possibility of misunderstanding and conflict between the members in the committee

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Matrix Organizational Structure

 What Is Matrix Organizational Structure ?


Matrix structure is practiced by large sized organizations to perform different projects. It is consist of dual authority (functional and project management), in which subordinates are responsible for both project and functional managers. It is highly specialized and advanced organizational structure practiced by modern large companies.


Benefits Or Advantages Of Matrix Organization


The main advantages of matrix organizational structure can be pointed out as follows:


1. Optimum Utilization Of Resources


One of the main advantages of matrix organization is that it ensures maximum utilization of resources. Available manpower , equipment and machinery are shared properly among different divisions, projects and functional departments. Therefore, it helps to improve the performance and output by using limited resources.


2. Collaboration And Teamwork


Employees and specialists from different functional areas are brought together to improve the performance. This structure combines functional and project management which helps to make collaboration between different projects and departments. It also promotes the sense of team spirit in the workplace.


3. Improves Employee Motivation


Matrix organization promotes specialization, provides opportunity to gain knowledge and develop new skills to the subordinates. It helps to increase motivation, morale and job satisfaction.


4. Less Burden To The Management


This organizational structure follows democratic leadership and decentralization. Project managers and functional managers have the authority to manage and monitor operational activities and to make decisions. So, top level management gets sufficient time to deal with other issues in the organizations.


5. Better Communication


Matrix structures allows the flow of information and open communication between different divisions and projects. Better communication between employees and departments helps to avoid misunderstandings and also helpful in solving problems.


6. Flexibility 


It is more flexible and dynamic than other types of organizations. Employees and other resources can be deployed as per the requirement and changes can be made to cope with the changing environment.


7. Suitable For


This organizational structure is suitable for large sized companies which work for multiple projects and construction works.


Drawbacks Or Disadvantages Of Matrix Organization


The main disadvantages of matrix organizational structure can be pointed out as follows: 


1. Complex Structure


It is the most complex form of organization. Because of dual authority and various functional divisions and projects, it is difficult to understand, manage and to control.


2. Poor Chain Of Command


Because of multiple authority, staffs are responsible for both project and functional management. They have to obey the instructions of two managers. It may result in poor chain of command in the organization.

    

        Also Read: 

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Committee Organization

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Line Organization

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Line And Staff Organization


3. Costlier Structure


Matrix structure is costlier than other traditional types of organizations. It requires more expenses and resources due to multiple authorities, more paper work and higher remuneration for specialists and experts. Therefore, it is not suitable for small organizations.


4. Confusion And Conflict


If the roles and responsibilities are not defined properly, it may create confusion and misunderstanding between two managers. There is also a chance of conflict between different teams in the workplace.


5. Difficult To Measure Performance


Project works are performed by the collective efforts of the team. So, it is difficult to measure the performance and efficiency of individual employee.


6. Slow Decision Making

Prompt decision making is not possible in matrix organization. Instructions and suggestions of both authorities, specialists and team members are required to take any decision. So, the decision making process is longer than other types of structures.


advantages and disadvantages of matrix organization

Pros And Cons Of Matrix Organizational Structure In Short:


Pros:

- It encourages effective use of limited resources in the workstation 

- It promotes coordination and teamwork

- It provides learning opportunity to the employees

- It practices specialization, democratic leadership and specialization

- It is flexible and dynamic in nature

- It minimizes the workload of top level management

- It establishes better communication system in the organization


Cons:

- It is complex and costly structure

- It is not suitable for small sized organization having limited resources and limited operations

- It ignores the rule of unity of command

- It suffers from slow decision making process

- Individual performance cannot be measured

- There is a possibility of confusion, misunderstanding and conflict between the authorities and teams.

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Cluster Sampling

What Is Cluster Sampling ?

Cluster sampling is a type of sampling method where researchers divide the population into different groups or clusters to gather data and information. Clusters should be internally heterogeneous and externally homogeneous. By using this technique, large data samples can be created by consuming less resources and costs. It is more feasible to collect data and information than other sampling methods.


Benefits Or Advantages Of Cluster Sampling


The main advantages of cluster sampling method can be highlighted as follows:


1. It Consumes Less Time, Cost And Effort


The main benefit of cluster sampling is that it requires less time and effort than other methods of sampling. It consumes fewer resources (limited number of clusters), and fewer costs ( travelling expenses, listing expenses ,administrative expenses etc.). It can be conducted quickly in less time than random and stratified sampling.


2. Suitability


This sampling is suitable for large population and wider geographical area because sample size can be increased as per the requirement. It is applicable for market research and to collect data and information from different institutions.


3. Most Feasible Method Of Sampling


Another advantage of cluster sampling is that it is more feasible than random sampling because each and every individual within a cluster represents the entire population because the population is carefully divided into homogeneous groups.


4. Larger Data


Cluster sampling provides large data to the researcher because of large population group.


5. Easy Implementation Of Data



Data and information collected from cluster sampling can be implemented easily and quickly.


Drawbacks Or Disadvantages Of Cluster Sampling



The main disadvantages of cluster sampling can be highlighted as follows:


1. Complex Method



It is more complicated than random sampling because it requires proper plan and attention to choose clusters from large population.


2. Less Accuracy



It may lack statistical accuracy in case of biased samples, over-representation or under-representation of data, and carelessness of the researcher.



Limited clusters are selected from very large population and from wider geographical area. It increases the chance of high sampling error.


4. Not Suitable


It is not suitable for small group of population. Another disadvantage of this method is that findings obtained from one population does not apply on other similar groups from other population. 


Pros And Cons Of Cluster Sampling In Short


Pros:

- It consumes fewer resources such as time, expenses and effort
- This method is more feasible than other sampling approaches
- It is appropriate for large population group and wider geographical area
- Large data sample can be obtained


Cons:

- There is a high chance of sampling error
-  It is complex than other sampling methods
- It is not appropriate in case of small population
- It may lack accuracy

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Planning

Benefits Or Advantages Of Planning

The main advantages of planning can be expressed as follows:

1. It Helps To Achieve Organizational Goals

All organizational activities are directed towards the attainment of goals and objectives. Planning defines objectives and provide framework and road map, and procedures to achieve those goals and objectives. So, it is impossible for the organization to obtain specific goals without proper planning.


2. Planning Ensures Proper Utilization Of Available Resources


Optimum utilization of resources is another advantage of planning. To obtain predetermined goals, all resources (human resources, physical resources and financial resources) should be properly utilized. Planning promotes better utilization of resource which helps to achieve desired output.


3. It Reduces Uncertainty


Planning is futuristic in nature. It is done on the basis of past results and future prediction. Efficient management can make better plan by eliminating past mistakes and predicting possible future events wisely. So, it helps to lower the risk of uncertainty in the future.


4. It Helps To Maintain Coordination And Control


As we know that all the efforts are directed towards the attainment of specific goals.  So, available resources are properly applied in a coordinated manner. All the activities are done according to the plan. So, it makes proper coordination, discipline and control in the organization.


5. It Improves Employee Motivation


Employee motivation is another notable benefit of better planning. It sets clear goals and objectives that should be obtained in the future and employs human resources (workers) as per their skills and ability. which promotes specialization and division of work. So, it increases employees motivation in the organization.

6. Planning Minimizes Costs


Minimization of unnecessary cost is another notable advantage of planning. Because of better utilization of resources, effective control and coordination, efficiency and performance can be increased. It leads to increase in the production which decreases the cost of production. It also minimizes the wastage and idle time in the workplace. So, it brings economy by minimizing operational costs,


7. Helps To  Improve Organizational Effectiveness


Maximum utilization of resources, improved motivation , better control and cost minimization increases organizational effectiveness. 


8. Planning Avoids Duplication


All the activities are clearly defined and assigned to the concern unit, department, section or employees properly that helps to avoid duplication and overlapping. 


Drawbacks Or Disadvantages Of Planning


The main constraints or disadvantages of planning can be expressed as follows:


1. Planning Is Costly And Time Consuming 


Planning process consumes money , adequate time and effort. It takes time to collect past data and information. Experts services (with high salary and allowance) is required to analyze obtained data , to predict future situation and to compare different alternatives. So, it is complex, expensive and costly process.


2. It May Lack Accuracy


Planning depends on the historical data and future forecast. Because of the lack of correct data and uncertainty of future trend, it may lack accuracy and not give desired output or goals. So, lack of accuracy is one of the main disadvantages of planning.


3. Not Suitable For Emergencies And Crisis


Prompt decision and quick action is required at the time of emergency and crisis. But planning is a time taking process. So, it is not useful for such situations.

advantages disadvantages planning

4. It Is Influenced By External Factors

As we know that planning is dependent on future predictions and future is not certain. Changes in technology, changing government rules and regulations, change in market situation, natural calamities etc. may affect planning function.


5. Planning Is A Rigid Process


It is another disadvantage of planning that employees are forced to do their jobs as per the predetermined plan and policy of the organization. It may discourage freedom and creativity. There is less opportunity for personal development and growth. So, it is rigid and inflexible process.


Pros And Cons Of Planning In Short


Pros:

- It helps to achieve the goals and the objectives of the firms.

- It promotes optimum use of resources in the organization

- Proper planning helps to reduce risks and uncertainties

- It helps to minimize the operational costs

- It facilitates better coordination and control in the workplace

- It helps to increase motivation and employee satisfaction


Cons:

- It may become inaccurate because of the lack of reliable data and information

- It is costly, time consuming and rigid process

- Because of the lengthy decision making process, it is not suitable in the emergency situation

- It may discourage the creativity of the employees

- It lacks flexibility

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Deflation

Positive Impacts, Benefits Or Advantages Of Deflation

The main advantages of deflation can be expressed as follows:

1. Increase In Purchasing Power

Negative inflation or deflation increases the value of money. So, purchasing power increases and price of goods and services decreases.

2. Lower Monthly Budget

As we know that deflation causes fall in the price of commodities, so people can satisfy their needs by spending less amount of money. So, it reduces the monthly budget which benefits middle and lower level consumers.

3. Increase In Saving

Due to fall in price of goods and less spending of money, people's saving will be increased at the period of deflation.

4. Higher Living Standard

Deflation helps to maintain better living standard because of lower expenditure and increase in saving.

5. Beneficial For Creditors

Deflation increases the real value of existing debt. So, creditors are benefited in this situation.

       Also Read: 

6. Lower Business Costs

Deflation lowers the cost of business because of  decrease in the price of raw materials, machinery, technology and fixed assets. So, this period is appropriate for long-term investment.

Negative Impacts, Drawbacks Or Disadvantages Of Deflation

The major disadvantages of deflation can be described as follows:

1. Lower Consumer Spending

People may stop spending on luxurious and expensive products with the expectation of more decrease in price in the future. So deflation may encourage lower consumer spending which is not good for the economy.

2. Loss For Investors

At the time of deflation, investors and producers who hold large quantity of inventory suffer because of the decrease in the value of stock.

3. Increase Value Of Debt

As we know that deflation increases the value of debt, it makes difficult for the existing debtors to repay their loan.
advantages disadvantages of deflation
4. Possibility Of Unemployment

Business profit decreases because of decrease in the price which force the producers to stop production or reduce their production capacity. It may create unemployment problem.

5. Lower Economic Growth

Limited production, less consumer spending, increased value of debt and unemployment lead to lower economic growth and instability in the country.

Pros And Cons Of Deflation In Short

Pros:
- It lowers the monthly budget of because of decrease in the price of goods and services
- It helps to improve living standard of because of improved purchasing power
- It is beneficial for creditors because banks reduce the interest rate
- Suitable period for investment

Cons:
- It may lead to lower consumer spending
- It may create unemployment problem
- It negatively affect economic growth of the country
- It increases the real value of debt

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Inflation

Benefits or Advantages Of Inflation

Positive impacts or advantages of inflation can be expressed as follows:

1. Beneficial For Investors

Price of commodities increases because of inflation. In this situation investors and producers can be benefited because of the increase in the value of stock.

2. Economic Growth

Producers try to increase their production capacity because of increase in the price of goods. It helps to utilize unused resources and labor. Inflation also helps to adjust relative price and wages. So, mild inflation is useful for the economic growth of the country.

3. Devaluation Of Debt

Value of debt will be decreased at the time of inflation because of the decrease in the value of money. So, debtors can repay their loan easily.

4. Easy Borrowing

Financial institutions get more money because of increase in wage and sufficient deposit. It makes easy for the people to borrow money from banks.

     
Also Read: 

5. Better Than Deflation

Deflation causes decease in the price of goods and services which stops the circulation of money. It increases the value of debt and discourages borrowings. So, inflation is far better than deflation.

Drawbacks Or Disadvantages Of Inflation

Negative effects or disadvantages of inflation can be expressed as follows:

1. Discourage Saving

Due to the decrease in the value of money, more money is required to satisfy the daily needs of people. It makes high cost of living. So, inflation discourages saving.

2. Decrease In Investment

Because of more expenditure and less saving, capital formation will be reduced which leads to decrease in investment.

3. Unemployment Problem

Due to inflation, cost of production become high. On the other hand, investment capacity is decreased. So, unemployment problem may arise because of decrease in production.
advantages disadvantages of inflation
4. Business Uncertainty

Inflation discourages foreign investment in the country. It also effects import and export business. So, it creates business uncertainty.

5. Economic Instability

Inflation is responsible for high cost of living, reduction in saving, investment and unemployment which may encourage black marketing, robbery, theft etc. So, it may create economic instability.

Pros And Cons Of Inflation In Short

Pros:
- It increases the value of stock
- It is useful for economic growth
- It becomes easy for debtors to repay loan
- It encourages maximum utilization of factors of production because of increase in the market price of products
-  It becomes easy to borrow money from financial institutions

Cons:
- It lowers saving because of high cost of living
- It discourages investment because of less saving
- It may create unemployment problem
- It brings economic instability in the country

Benefits Of Job Design

The main advantages of benefits of job design can be highlighted as follows:

1. Assists Human Resource Planning

Job design helps HR planning process by providing essential information about the job to be performed such as nature of job, qualification, skill and knowledge to complete the job etc.

2. Employee Motivation

Under job design, duties and responsibilities of employees are allocated according to their skill, capacity and knowledge which helps to motivate the employees in the organization.

3. Low Labor Turnover

Well designed job reduce labor turnover, conflict and absenteeism because of motivation and job satisfaction.
advantages job design

4. Goal Achievement

Job design helps to motivate the employees by reducing absenteeism frustration and stress which helps to achieve organizational goal more efficiently and effectively.

5. Quality Of Life

Job design creates favorable working condition in the organization. It also establishes better labor relationship between management and employees. So, it ensures better quality of life.

6. Less Supervision Cost

It is another benefit of proper job design. Duties and responsibilities are scientifically allocated according to the competency of the employees. So, less supervision is required for competent employees which reduce supervision cost.

7. Increased Productivity

Because of employee motivation, proper allocation of job, good working condition and job satisfaction, productivity and profitability can be increased.

8. Good Labor Relation

Job design promotes good relation among employees and between management and employees.

Benefits Of Jogging

The main physical and mental benefits of jogging or running can be described as follows:

Physical Benefits Of Jogging/Running

1. Prevents Heart Disease

Regular jogging minimizes the risk of heart disease. It controls high blood pressure, bad cholesterol and blood sugar level. The heart becomes more strong and pump blood properly.

2. Prevents Diabetes

This aerobic exercise lowers the risk of diabetes. Regular jogging is very useful for diabetes patients to control their sugar level. 

3. Prevents Obesity

Jogging helps to lose weight by burning extra calories. It reduces the chance of obesity by controlling unnecessary body fat. So, proper weight can be maintained with the help of running.

4. Improves Sleep

Good sleep is very necessary for physical and mental fitness. Jogging helps us sleep better.

5. Strength Muscles

This physical exercise helps to develop and strengthen our body muscles and increases the fitness level.

6. Improves Respiratory System

Regular jogging or running enhances the capacity of lungs which helps to improve respiratory system.

7. Improves Longevity

Jogging makes both physically and mentally healthy. So, it helps to reduce mortality and improves longevity. 

8. Strengthens Bones And Joints

Jugging is a weight bearing aerobic exercise. So, it helps to strengthen bones and joints in our body.
advantages of jogging
Mental Benefits Of Jogging/Running

1. Reduces Stress

Jogging improves our mental health condition which helps to reduce stress, fear and anxiety.

2. Build Confidence

Our body and mind become strong because of regular running. So, it helps to build confidence by reducing negativity. 

3. Self-sufficient

Jugging encourages us to push our capabilities without any fear and stress. So, it helps us to become more self-sufficient.

Advantages Of Continuous Audit

Main advantages or merits of continuous audit can be pointed out as follows:

1. Quick Detection Of Errors

In continuous audit, books of accounts are checked and verified at regular interval throughout the financial year. It helps to locate accounting errors and frauds very quickly. Early detection of errors helps to rectify them sooner.

2. Useful For Large Organization

Continuous audit is very useful for large business organizations having the large number of financial transactions.

3. Quick Presentation Of Accounts

With the help of continuous audit, books of accounts can be examined and verified quickly. So, final audit report can be presented sooner.
advantages continuous audit
4. Avoids Missing Entries

Continuous audit helps to maintain proper and up-to-date records of every financial transaction. So, there will be no missing entries.
               
         Also Read: 

5. Regularity Of Staffs

Continuous audit gives moral pressure to the accounting staffs. They become regular because of regular visit of the auditor. It also motivates them to maintain proper accounts.

6. Elimination of Waste

Wastage and inefficiencies can be eliminated with the help of continuous audit. This helps to increase production and profit of the firm.

Limitations Of Statistics

Major limitations or drawbacks of statistics can be highlighted as follows:

1. No Study Of Individual Items

One of the main disadvantages of statistics is that it does not deal with single or isolated items. It deals with the measurement of groups or masses only. So, data and information of single item cannot be obtained.

2. Not Applicable For Qualitative Phenomenon

Statistics is applicable only for quantitative data (data of those items which can be measures in numbers) such as income, expenses, wages, height etc. Qualitative phenomenon(which cannot be measured in numbers) such as blindness, efficiency, honesty etc. are completely ignored.

3. Applicable Only For Homogeneous Data

Statistics is applicable for homogeneous data only. It cannot study heterogeneous data. So, data of similar nature is required to apply statistical methods.

4. No 100% Accuracy

100 % accurate result cannot be obtained from statistical methods.

5. Not Universally True

Statistical facts are totally based on the averages. So, its laws are not universally true.
limitations of statistics

6. Requires Special Knowledge

It requires special knowledge to apply statistical laws. Simple knowledge of mathematics or economics is not sufficient to work with statistical data.

7. Possibility Of Mislead

Sometimes, result obtained from statistics may be misleading because of improper collection and interpretation of data.

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Standard Deviation

Advantages Or Merits Of Standard Deviation

The main advantages of standard deviation can be expressed as follows:

1. Rigidly Defined

Standard deviation is rigidly defined measure and its value is always fixed.

2. Best Measure

Standard deviation is based on all the items in the series. So, it is the best measure of dispersion.

3. Less Affected

Standard deviation is least affected by the sampling fluctuations than other measures (mean deviation and quartile deviation).

4. Suitable For Algebraic Operation

Standard deviation can be used for mathematical operations and algebraic treatments. It is also applicable in statistical analysis.


Disadvantages Or Drawbacks Of Standard Deviation

Some of the major disadvantages of standard deviation can be expressed as follows:

advantages and disadvantages of standard deviation

1. Complex Method

Standard deviation is complex to compute and difficult to understand as compared to other measures of dispersion.

       
Also Read

2. High Effect

Standard deviation is highly affected by the extreme values in the series.

Pros And Cons Of Standard Deviation In Short

Pros:
- It is well defined and well known measurement of dispersion
- It is useful for mathematical, algebraic and statistical treatments
- It is less affected by fluctuations

Cons:
- It is difficult to calculate and hard to understand
- It is affected by extreme items or values
- Not applicable for open end class frequency distribution